James Henry Cox

In this installment of the Virginia delegates to the Secession Convention of 1861, I hope to shine a little light on James Henry Cox of Chesterfield County, Virginia.

Cox was born in Chesterfield County in 1810 and died at his home, Clover Hill, in 1877. He attended Hampden Sidney College where he graduated with distinction and studied law. After serving as President of the Academy of Tallahassee for three years, he returned to Chesterfield.

He served in the House of Delegates of the General Assembly of Virginia and then in the Commonwealth's Senate. He represented Chesterfield in the 1850 Constitutional Convention. He was made a judge for Chesterfield County prior to the war.

Cox's record as (Democratic) State Senator in the 1840s is illustrative of his feelings of national political events. In 1843, he concurred with a resolution in the Virginia State Senate which "instructed" Virginia's U.S. Senators "to procure the repeal of the Tariff, passed at the last Session of Congress, and to oppose and vote against any Tariff which is not solely for Revenue." He opposed distribution of proceeds from public lands "among the several States of this Union." He was also opposed to any Bank of the United States and wished to repeal "the Bankrupt Law." (See here)


In 1852, the Democrats had a five day convention in Baltimore. It is no surprise that Cox would go as the party platform that year spoke much to his politics. For two days the delegates of the respective Northern and Southern states clung tenaciously to their candidate of choice. Upon the 35th ballot on the 5th of June, the Virginia delegation, led by James Barbour, finally moved their 15 votes from James Buchanan of Pennsylvania to Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. While a few more states joined Virginia in the next several ballots, it was not until 49th ballot that Pierce carried the delegation with 283 votes. In the two ballots for Vice President, the Virginians supported William R. King of Alabama.

Cox was an extremely wealthy man in the antebellum period, much of that wealth built upon his slave holdings. In 1850, he had 20 slaves. A decade later, he had 47 slaves, his real estate was valued at $25,000 and his personal estate at $124,800.

Thus it comes as little surprise from his years in the political culture of the antebellum period, in 1861 he represented Chesterfield County at the Secession Convention in Richmond. Cox voted for secession on April 17, 1861.

Virginia Politicians Rally in 1861 versus 2010 Hazy Memory

Photograph of R.M.T. Hunter taken by Matthew R. Brady from the Daguerreotype Collection of the Library of Congress, call number DAG no. 114.

In light of the political and media spectacle surrounding Virginia's Governor Bob McDonnell's declaration of Virginia as Confederate History Month (April 2010) and Mississippi's Governor Haley Barbour's comment that the dispute "doesn't amount to diddly" and this on-going conversation from some that slavery had no major role in the Civil War, I thought I would contribute to our political blog here by focusing on some of Virginia's political leaders on the eve of the Civil War. What were they saying about the approaching conflict and the election of 1860? The Republican Party?

In this post (a few more to be forthcoming), I will focus on Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter.

Hunter was born April 21, 1809 and died July 18, 1887. His early political career and indeed the terms of his service can be found here. But that only gives us terms in office, not what he was thinking and on which issues he acted upon. I think it is critical however to understand Hunter's lifestyle in Essex County, Virginia.

In 1840, while Hunter served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, he had 87 enslaved men, women, and children on his Fonthill estate in Essex County. The next decade, he had more than 100. By 1860, he had 116. The 1860 census illustrates that this slaveholding allowed him economic power as he had real estate valued at $80,890 and personal estate (which included all those people) at $92,800. Making him one of the wealthiest people in the county and certainly the one with the most political power. By 1860, Robert Hunter was a U.S. Senator in the important Finance Committee.

Hunter's letters illustrate that the fully intended for the South to continue to perpetuate slavery and as his home state was had the largest number of enslaved people living within its boundaries he saw its necessity to slaveholders and non-slaveholders alike.

On the subject of territorial expansion, Senator Hunter wrote to Shelton F. Leake about 1857 that the Federal Government could not privilege one group of citizens over another as the Supreme Court had ruled that the territories were also a part of the United States. He explained further, the government "cannot say that the free states may settle and colonize vacant territory the common property of all whilst the slave holding states are to be debarred from the same privilege." The thought that white slaveholding citizens could move to free territory, he found to be a foolish thought "because it involves the breaking of what, in some sense, may be called family ties." In an authoritative tone he wrote "To deny to the slave-holding States equal rights in these respects is to disturb the equality of the States in a most vital point." (Charles Henry Ambler, ed., Annual Report to the American Historical Association for the Year 1916 in Two Volumes, Vol. II, Correspondence of Robert M.T. Hunter, 1826-1876, 1916, 256-261. Note: All further Hunter correspondence comes from this book and pagination will be noted only.)

Upon the election of Abraham Lincoln, Hunter wrote a long, articulate (even though morally repulsive) treatise as to why secession is legal and why he was angered by the forthcoming 16th President. He wrote that:

"For the first time since the Union was formed we have seen a President of the United States nominated and elected, so far as the popular voice is concerned, by a sectional party, a party founded in hostility to the institution of African slavery, which exists in nearly half the States in the Union, and composed of members, all of whom believe it to be their duty to war upon the institution whenever a legal opportunity is afforded them; the difference being that some of them profess a respect for the restraints of the Constitution, as they construe it, whilst others openly avow a contempt for all such restraints in regard to the subject of slavery(R.M.T. Hunter to James R. Micotj, Thomas Croxton, and Others, December 10, 1860, 338)."

Hunter explained that Northern states had nullified the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and recently hardened in 1850 and therefore ignored the U.S. Constitution which bound people to return property (for which human beings were classified). Senator Hunter was outraged that following John Brown's 1859 raid the Northern states failed to enact laws to prevent such an event from happening again. Furthermore he was angered by the election of Massachusetts governor, John Albion Andrew (338).

Andrew who was a member of the Whig Party, then Free Soil Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery (and the above letter to Leake illustrates Hunter saw it legally acceptable for slavery to move into the territories), and with the breaking apart of the Free Soilers in the early 1850s, Andrew became a Republican. In fact, Andrew even organized funding for John Brown's legal defense (and during the forthcoming war, helped to jump start the organization of armed black men into military regiments).

Slaveholders typically saw the irony of defending slavery in a region where most people indeed were non-slaveholders (a tactic used in the 21st century to maintain that slavery had nothing to do with the Civil War). Senator Hunter however found reasons why non-slaveholders needed to be concerned about the (Southern perceived) Republican party's intentions to weaken white supremacy. He said that:

"...the slave population operates as a safety-valve to protect the white laborer against an unreasonable or ruinous decline in the rate of wages. The law of profit moves him to a theater where he will earn more for his master, and yet more for himself, whilst the labor market which he leaves is thus gradually relieved from the pressure, and the white man remains in the land of his birth, to enjoy the profits of remunerating operations. As a proof of the truth of this view, I ask if the average rate of wages of the white laborer of the South is not higher than in any other settled portion of the globe (346-347)?"

Senator Hunter saw Virginia's economic picture as rising with the rapid growth of railroads over the last two decades but especially in the 1850s. He therefore thought the Northerners were "mad" as they engaged "in their insane war upon slavery." Hunter saw Virginia's economic prosperity not with the North but with the South and growing Southwest (347).

What I see is that it is needless to say that on March 28, 1861, Hunter left the United States Senate after a long career which stretched almost 15 years in the Senate and almost 25 years in the Federal legislature (combining his years are a Representative and as a Senator). It comes as no surprise that Hunter served as the Confederate Secretary of State from July 25, 1861 to February 22, 1862. He spent the remainder of the war as the leading Confederate Senator for the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Sounds like new Seward book lacks analysis

This is not an official review as I have not read it but in browsing the Civil War News book reviews for February/March 2010, John Deepen finds that Lawrence M. Denton's William Henry Seward and the Secession Crisis--The Effort to Prevent Civil War (2009) lacks critical analysis of antebellum Senator and wartime Secretary of State, William Seward. Deepen finds that Denton is apt to praise Seward without attention to his actions. Furthermore, Denton suggests that if Seward had been elected president the war period would have been a different ballgame with Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, and James Ewell Brown (J.E.B.) Stuart fighting within the United States military.

Again, I am not reviewing or passing complete judgement off on this text as I have not read it in its entirety. However, I find it difficult to imagine Seward would have found many Southerners in an alliance with him. His antebellum activities had divided Southern politicians from him and thus I cannot imagine very many Southerners believing the more radical Seward would make a better president than Abraham Lincoln.

John Randolph of Roanoke

On this day in 1827, two great titans of democracy literally came to blows. Senator John Randolph of Roanoke (pictured at right at the age of thirty) questioned the circumstances by which the new Secretary of State, Henry Clay, came to hold office. At the close of one of his eccentric speeches on the Senate floor, Randolph denounced the relationship between the president and secretary as "the coalition of Blifil and Black George, - of the puritan and blackleg." However, Clay was not able to shake this degrading remark as he normally could by responding oratorically on the floor of Congress as he could in the past. He concluded the only way to settle the affront to his personal honor was to send Randolph a challenge, which was accepted. The Virginia senator stated, "I have no explanations to give. I will not give any. I am called to the field. I have agreed to go, an am ready to go." According to General James Hamilton of South Carolina, Randolph sent for him on the night of April 7. Hamilton recalled that he found Randolph "calm, but in a singularly kind an confiding mood. He told me that he had something on his mind to tell me. He then remarked, 'Hamilton, I have determined to receive, without returning, CLAY's fire; nothing shall induce me to harm a hair of his head; I will not make his wife a widow, or his children orphans. Their tears would be shed over his grave; but when the sold of Virginia rests on my bosom, there is not, in this wide world, one individual to pay this tribute upon mine."

The two men met the next day, April 8 at 4:30 p.m., across the Potomac River in Virginia. Before the word was given to fire, Randolph's pistol supposedly discharged prematurely. General Jesup, a friend of Clay, exclaimed that if this occurred again the secretary would immediately leave the field. Clay retorted that the "gentleman might be allowed to go on." Once the Virginian's pistol was reloaded and ready, the word was given. Clay fired without hitting the senator, and Randolph fired his pistol harmlessly into the air. The two men left the field uninjured, and although not becoming best of friends, they did resume some cordial relations. In fact, before he died, Randolph travelled to the Senate Chamber to hear that magnificent voice of Clay's one last time.

The 1824 “American System” speech by Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky**

March 30, 1824 – March 31, 1824

On this date, Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky addressed the House from the well to support targeted protective tariffs and to proclaim his ideal of an “American system” of national development that would benefit all sections of the United States. Clay’s speech distilled his long evolving belief in tariffs to protect fledgling American industry—one component of the American system that sought to promote federally-funded internal improvements and to institute a strong national bank. The speech befitted the reputation of a man widely accepted as one of Congress’ greatest orators. Armed with visual charts, Clay delivered an address that filled two legislative days and more than 40 pages of print in the Annals of Congress. “The object of the bill under consideration is to create this home market, and to lay the foundations of a genuine American policy,” Clay began. He then addressed 10 main objections to weak tariff provisions. “Are we doomed to behold our industry languish and decay yet more and more?” Clay intoned. “But there is a remedy, and that remedy consists in modifying our foreign policy, and in adopting a genuine AMERICAN SYSTEM. We must naturalize the arts in our country, and we must naturalize them by the only means which the wisdom of nations has yet discovered to be effectual—by adequate protection against the otherwise overwhelming influence of foreigners.” The speech garnered national accolades. The Tariff of 1824 passed the House by a narrow margin—with support from the northwest and Middle Atlantic and strong opposition from the South. It carried the Senate narrowly and was signed into law in May 1824.

**Taken from the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

Ashland: The Home of the Great Pacificator

(To see the video in full screen mode, please click on the four directional arrows in the lower right hand corner)

In light of the new book concerning the Compromise of 1850 and Henry Clay, I thought this quick video introducing the historic house and grounds of the Great Compromiser would be appropriate! Unfortunately, the home we are able to visit today is not the same as the honorable gentleman from Kentucky built. The original was raised in the late 1850s and rebuilt by his son. I hope you enjoy Lextreks tour of Ashland.

At the Edge of the Precipice

In 1850, America hovered on the brink of disunion. Tensions between slave-holders and abolitionists mounted, as the debate over slavery grew rancorous. An influx of new territory prompted Northern politicians to demand the new states remain free; in response, Southerners baldly threatened to secede from the Union. Only Henry Clay could keep the nation together.

At the Edge of the Precipice is historian Robert V. Remini's fascinating recounting of the Compromise of 1850, a titanic act of political will that only a skillful statesman like Clay could broker. Although the Compromise would collapse ten years later, plunging the nation into civil war, Clay's victory in 1850 ultimately saved the Union by giving the North and extra decade to industrialize and prepare.

A masterful narrative by an eminent historian, At the Edge of the Precipice also offers a timely reminder of the importance of bipartisanship in a bellicose age.

Robert V. Remini, historian of the U.S. House of Representatives, has been teaching and writing about American history for more than half a century. He has written more than twenty books, including the definitive three volume biography The Life of Andrew Jackson, which won the National Book Award (1984). His other books include biographies of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, and Joseph Smith. His Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars won the Spur Award for best western nonfiction from the Western Writers of America. He lives in Wilmette, Illinois.

Information taken from Amazon.com